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Brazilian Army

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Brazilian Army
Exército Brasileiro
The Brazilian Army's emblem
Founded1822 (1822)
CountryBrazil
TypeArmy
RoleLand warfare
Size214,000 active in 2023[1]
1,340,000 reserve in 2023[1]
Part ofBrazilian Armed Forces
Command HeadquartersBrasília, Brazil
Nickname(s)EB
PatronDuke of Caxias
Motto(s)Braço Forte, Mão Amiga
(Template:Lang-en)
ColorsOlive Green  
MarchCanção do Exército
(Template:Lang-en) Playⓘ
Mascot(s)Jaguar
AnniversariesAugust 25 (Soldier's Day)
April 19 (Brazilian Army Day)
Equipment469 main battle tanks, 1,976 armored vehicles, 1,149 artillery pieces, 212 Self-propelled artillery, 239 SAM systems, 74 River Boats, ~20,000 Support vehicles, 94 helicopters and UAVs
Engagements
List
Commanders
Commander-in-Chief President Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva
Minister of Defence José Múcio
Commander of the Army Tomás Ribeiro Paiva
Notable
commanders
List
Insignia
Flag

The Brazilian Army (Template:Lang-pt) is the land arm of the Brazilian Armed Forces. The Brazilian Army has fought in several international conflicts, mostly in South America during the 19th century. In the 20th century, it fought on the Allied side in World War I and World War II.[2] Aligned with the Western Bloc during the military dictatorship in Brazil from 1964 to 1985, it also had active participation in Latin America and Southern Portuguese Africa during the Cold War,[3][4][5] as well as taking part in UN peacekeeping missions worldwide since the late 1950s.[6]

Domestically, besides having faced several rebellions throughout the two centuries since its creation, it also ended the monarchy with support of local political and economic elites and imposed its political views and economic development projects during the periods when it ruled the country: 1889–94, 1930–50 (First Vargas period and Dutra years), and 1964–85.[7][8]

History

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Origins (16th to 18th centuries)

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Although the Brazilian Army was only created during the Brazilian independence process from Portugal in 1822, with units of the Portuguese Army in Brazil that had remained loyal to prince Pedro, its origins date back to the Land Forces used by the Portuguese in the colonial wars against the French and Dutch, fought in the 16th and 17th centuries.[9][10]

In the colonial period, Portuguese king Manuel I ordered military expeditions with the goal of protecting the Portuguese dominions in South America, then newly discovered. As colonization advanced in Pernambuco and São Vicente, the native military authorities and bases of the colony's defensive organization began to be built to defend it against the French, English, and the Dutch.

The first major interventions were the expulsion of the French from Rio de Janeiro in the 16th century and the Maranhão in 1615. As colonization progressed through the broad territorial expansion movement in the 17th and early 18th centuries, it forced the organization of the defense of the newly conquered territory.

In the 17th century, the war against the Dutch mobilized large numbers of soldiers in the country for the first time and gave rise to a sense of national defense regardless of the influence of the crown. The first Battle of Guararapes (1648) marks the beginning of the organization of the army as a genuine Brazilian force formed by local whites, led by André Vidal de Negreiros; amerindians, led by Felipe Camarão; and blacks, led by Henrique Dias. This date is celebrated today as the anniversary of the Brazilian Army.[9][10]

At that time, following the organization model of the mainland Portuguese Army, implemented during the Portuguese Restoration War starting in 1640, the ground forces in Brazil adopted three lines of organization which were maintained until the 19th century, which included:

  • 1st line - Paid troops;
  • 2nd line - Auxiliary troops (called "milícias" from the end of the 18th century);
  • 3rd line - Ordenanças

19th century

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See also: Imperial Brazilian Army and Platine Wars
Imperial Army officers, 1866
Brazilian soldier of the 1st Fatherland Volunteer Battalion

During the Independence process, the Imperial Brazilian Army was initially composed of Brazilians, Portuguese, and foreign mercenaries. Trained in guerrilla warfare, most of its commanders were mercenaries and Portuguese officers loyal to Pedro I.[11] In 1822 and 1823, the Imperial Army was able to defeat the Portuguese resistance, especially in the north of the country and in Cisplatina, also preventing the fragmentation of the newly proclaimed Brazilian Empire after its independence war.[12]

After the Independence War the Army, supported by the National Guard, destroyed separatist movements in the early years after independence, enforcing the central authority of the empire during the regency period. It repressed a host of popular movements for political autonomy or against slavery and the large landowners' power across Brazil.[13]

The National Guard was a military force organized during the regency period in August 1831 and demobilized in September 1922. Its creation occurred by means of law of 18 August 1831 that "creates the National Guard and extinguishes the bodies of militias, city guards and ordinances." According to the aforementioned law, in its article 1, "the National Guards are created to defend the Constitution, liberty, independence, and the integrity of the Empire, to maintain obedience and public tranquility, and to assist the Line Army in defense of borders and coasts", based on article 145 of the 1824 Constitution: "All Brazilians are obliged to take up arms to support the independence and integrity of the Empire, and defend it from its external or internal enemies." In September 1850, through Law No. 602, the National Guard was reorganized and retained its powers subordinated to the Minister of Justice and the provincial presidents.[14]

During the 1850s and early 1860s, the Army, along with the Navy, entered in action against Argentine and Uruguayan forces, which were opposed to the Brazilian empire's interests. The Brazilian success with such "Gun Diplomacy" eventually led to a shock of interests with another country with similar aspirations, Paraguay, in December 1864.

On 1 May 1865, Brazil, Uruguay, and Argentina signed the Treary of the Triple Alliance to defend themselves against aggression from Paraguay, which was ruled by Francisco López. López's troops were heading for the south of Brazil and the north of Uruguay after invading Brazilian territory through the Mato Grosso province and the north of Argentina. Many slaves had been incorporated into the Brazilian forces to face the increasingly serious situation. As a result of their solid performance during the conflict, the Armed Forces developed a strong sense against slavery. After five years of warfare (the largest in South American history), the Alliance led by Brazil defeated López.[15][16]

During this war, the Imperial Brazilian Army mobilized 200,000 men, divided into the following categories: 18,000 Army personnel who were in Uruguay in 1864; 2,047 in the province of Mato Grosso; 56,000 Fatherland Volunteers; 62,000 National Guardsmen; 11,900 freed slaves; and an additional 22,000 National Guardsmen who remained in Brazil to defend their homeland.[17]

In November 1889, after a long attrition with the monarchical regime deepened by the abolition of slavery, the army led a coup d'état that resulted in the end of the empire and the founding of a republic. The implementation of the first Brazilian military dictatorship (that ended in 1894), was followed by a severe economic crisis that deepened into an institutional one with Congress and the Navy, which degenerated into a civil war in the southern region.[18]

20th century

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See also: Brazilian Army in the First Republic
Coastal artillery officers in 1900

Between 1893 and 1927, during the First Brazilian Republic, the Army had to deal with various movements: some were derived from Navy and Army corps who were unsatisfied with the regime and demanded for democratic changes, while others had popular origins without conventional political intentions guided by messianic leaders, like in Canudos and the Contestado Wars.[19]

The Canudos War, which took place in the northeastern sertão and covered several cities and many sertanejos in Bahia led by Antônio Conselheiro, the Contestado War that developed by dispute of territories of currency of the states of Paraná and Santa Catarina, led by José Maria.

Brazilian Army officers in World War I, 1918.

These revolts were serious threats to the stability of the new republican regime and were related to the dissatisfaction of the population of the more distant northeastern sertão and regions of recent colonization like Paraná and western Santa Catarina with the Republic, since this population was predominantly Catholic and did not accept a Republic that appeared totally dominated by Masonic ideals like the separation of Church and the State.

After years of fighting and many deaths on both sides, these movements were defeated and the Republic consolidated.[19]

During World War I, the Brazilian government sent three small military groups to Europe soon after declaring war on the Central Powers in October 1917. The first two units were from the army; one consisted of a medical staff and the other of a sergeants-officers group, and both were attached to the French Army in the Western Front in 1918.[20][21]

From October 1930 to 1945, the army and elites linked to it took control over the country, having the landowner and opposition political leader, Getúlio Vargas, ahead of the movement. In this period, the Army defeated the Constitutionalist Revolt in 1932 and two separate coup d'état attempts: by Communists in November 1935 and by Fascists in May 1938. The Army also helped to formalize the dictatorship in 1937.[22][23][24]

In August 1942, after German and Italian submarines sank Brazilian merchant ships, popular mobilization forced the Brazilian government to declare war on Fascist Italy and Nazi Germany. In July 1944, after almost two years of public pressure and negotiations with US authorities, an expeditionary force was sent to join the Allied forces in the Italian campaign. The army's contribution was composed of a full Infantry Division (about 25,000 men, replacements included), commanded by Major-General (later Marshal) João Baptista Mascarenhas de Morais, which in Italy was attached to the US IV Corps at the US Fifth Army, into the 15th Allied Army Group.[25]

Brazilian Artillery on Gothic Line, World War II, Sep. 1944.

With the defeat of totalitarian regimes in World War II, Vargas was removed by the head of the army, General Dutra, who in 1946 won the Election dispute against Air Marshall, Eduardo Gomes. After the Vargas suicide (who succeeded Dutra in 1950) due to an institutional crisis, army sectors led by Marshal Lott ensured the inauguration of Juscelino Kubitschek's term, elected in 1955.[26]

Brazilian Army UNEF soldiers in a trench near the Suez Canal in Sinai, late 1950s.

Between 1957 and 1967, the Brazilian Army created the Suez Battalion to be part of the UN Peace Forces in the conflict between the State of Israel, Egypt, and its Arab neighbors from 1956 onwards. The first contingent of the battalion, called the Detachment Precursor, made up of about 80 paratroopers, specialists in demining and the bulk of the battalion was transported to Suez aboard the Brazilian Navy ship Custódio de Melo, landed in Port Said on February 4, 1957. About 6,000 Brazilian Army men participated, in relay, in the Suez Battalion during its ten-year presence in Sinai Peninsula. The definitive return of the forces to Brazil took place on June 13, 1967, after the Six Day War. Seven Brazilian soldiers died during the years of Brazilian military presence there.[27]

Military dictatorship

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Main article: Military dictatorship in Brazil
A M41 Walker Bulldog and other vehicles of the Brazilian Army before the National Congress of Brazil during the Coup of 1964.

With the resignation of Jânio Quadros who succeeded Kubitschek, a new institutional crisis opened up, exacerbated by the Cold War context, and in late March-early April 1964, the Brazilian Army (then led by General Humberto de Alencar Castelo Branco) seized power in the 1964 Brazilian coup d'état—its third—establishing dictatorship that lasted 21 years.[28] The military regime was politically aligned with the interests of the United States government,[29] and its rule was rife with human rights abuses.[30]
The coup of 1964 was the first of a series of coups d'état in South America that replaced democratically elected governments with military regimes. These dictatorships dominated South America until the 1980s. In this period, the Brazilian Army employed harsh means to suppress militant dissident groups: changing the law, restricting political rights, harassing and pursuing dissidents; and militarily, with support of police forces and militias, proceeding with methods of counter-guerrilla and counter-insurgency warfare to defeat the guerrilla movements that tried to combat the regime by force. The urban guerrillas were active in Brazil between 1968 and 1971, while in the rural areas the two main movements were subdued by the Army, one in the region where today are the Caparaó National Park (1967) and the other one in the region of Araguaya River (1972–74).[31][32]

Internationally, in 1965 the Brazilian Army joined forces with US Marines intervening in the Dominican Republic in Operation Powerpack. During the 1970s, strengthened interchange and cooperative ties with armies from other South American countries giving and receiving advisement about counter-guerrilla and counter-insurgency methods, as for example in the Operation Condor, a procedural coordination to find, capture and eliminate political dissidents in mainland. From Geisel period, the third Brazilian dictatorship sought greater independence in its foreign policy, leaving of automatically align with the US interests, especially in relation to sub-Saharan Africa and Middle East.[33][34][35][36]

In the mid-1970s, despite the dissent annulled (by elimination, detention or exile), the leftist guerrillas defeated and the legal opposition tamed, repression was not reduced. This added to the vices and the wear and tear of years of dictatorial power, plus the effects of the then oil/energy crisis and the Latin American default, during the late 1970s and early 1980s, led to increasing social pressures for democracy, which slowly but steadily forced the army to return to its professional activities.[37][38]

21st century

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A Brazilian U.N. peacekeeper walks with Haitian children during a patrol in Cité Soleil.
Brazilian Army peacekeeping soldier in Port-au-Prince, Haiti.
Main articles: United Nations Mission in East Timor, United Nations Angola Verification Mission III, and United Nations Stabilization Mission in Haiti

Since the late 1950s, it has taken part in some United Nations peacekeeping missions as for example: in Suez 1956–67, East Timor 1999–2004, Angola 1995–1997 and Haiti since 2004, being the latest, the most recent outside intervention in that nation, as well as the longest length operation in the history of Brazilian military outside the country.

In the destructive earthquake that occurred in Haiti on January 12, 2010, eighteen Brazilian soldiers died. The Brazilian Army deployed about 2,150 troops to Haiti to help in the country's reconstruction.

The Brazilian Army is trying to renew its equipment and making a redistribution of its barracks in all the Brazilian Regions, prioritizing the Amazon. After the promulgation of Brazilian National Defense Strategy, in December 2008, the Brazilian Government appears to be interested in the Armed Forces modernization.

In 2010, during the Rio de Janeiro Security Crisis, the Brazilian Army sent 800 paratroopers to combat drug trafficking in Rio de Janeiro. Following the invasion, approximately 2,000 Army soldiers were sent to occupy the Complexo do Alemão.

In 2014, the 2,050 Army troops stormed into a Rio de Janeiro slum complex, Maré, with armoured personnel carriers and helicopters in a bid to improve security two months before the start of the 2014 FIFA World Cup.[39] Due to the 2014 FIFA World Cup the Brazilian Army offers more than 50,000 men for security at the event, is the largest military manpower employed in the security of a FIFA World Cup.[40]

MONUSCO Force Commander Gen. Carlos Alberto dos Santos Cruz during an observation mission on UN Intervention Brigade as FARDC conduct an attack on M23 rebel positions in Kanyaruchinya near Goma, Democratic Republic of the Congo - July 15, 2013

In February 2016, the Brazilian federal government had mobilized 60% of the Armed Forces, or about 220,000 soldiers (including more than 140,000 troops of the Brazilian Army), to go "house to house" in the battle against Zika virus outbreak.[41]

In July 2016, Brazilian Army provided more than 21,000 soldiers, 28 army helicopters and 70 armoured vehicles to ensure the security of the Rio de Janeiro city during 2016 Summer Olympics. Another 20,000 soldiers be on duty in the five cities that will co-host the Rio 2016 Olympic football tournament: Belo Horizonte, Brasília, Manaus, Salvador and São Paulo.[42] 14,800 Army soldiers were also deployed in Rio de Janeiro during the games.[43]

In February 2017, during the Espírito Santo violence outbreak was once again used to contain problems of urban violence that occurred after a strike by the military police of that state. Employing an effective that reached the total of 3000 soldiers.[44]

Brazilian Army Expeditionary Force's ready-to-employment battalion for UN operations in 2021.

The Brazilian Army is creating an Expeditionary Force (F EXPD) to provide permanent support for the country's participation in foreign missions. Armed Forces officials expect the F EXPD to respond rapidly, by itself or in cooperation with security forces from partner nations, to safeguard national interests and perform a wide spectrum of operations such as humanitarian actions and peacekeeping missions. It will comply with provisions of Chapter 1 of the White Paper on National Defense, which was published in 2012 and covers the functions and actions of the country's defense forces. With the goal of deploying the force by 2022.[45]

The Expeditionary Force (F EXPD) is initially expected to be made up of one battalion, with 1,000 soldiers, in its first year of operation in 2022. In the last phase, scheduled for 2030, it is expected to evolve into a brigade, with 3,000 troops that would add increased capacities, such as infantry, fire support, and logistics. The F EXPD will also utilize armored vehicles to increase its operational capacity and performance possibilities.[46]

Brazilian Infantry troops in 2023.

At the beginning of 2018 the Brazilian Army played a fundamental role during the Federal Intervention in the State of Rio de Janeiro, which faced a serious economic and security crisis. General Walter Souza Braga Neto, commander of the Eastern Military Command, which has its headquarters located in the city of Rio de Janeiro, took over the military and public security forces of the state in the name of the Army. He was one of those responsible for security at the 2016 Summer Olympics, based in the same city. The general assumed command of the Military Police of Rio de Janeiro State, the Civil Police of Rio de Janeiro State, and the Military Firefighters Corps and responded directly to the President of the Republic in his duty as Commander in Chief of the Armed Forces by the Constitution.[47]

In December 2023, during the Esequiba crisis, the Brazilian Army, fearing an invasion by the Venezuelan Army against Guyana, was forced to send troops and armored vehicles to the state of Roraima, precisely to the border region with Venezuela, as way of dissuading Caracas from not using Brazilian territory in a possible military action against Guyana. [48][49]

Future of the Army

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Main article: Future of the Brazilian Army

The Army has a large number of active and planned projects, under the modernization plans of the Brazilian Armed Forces, defined in the National Defense White Paper.[50]

Notable commanders and figures

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Personnel

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The Brazilian Army had a recorded personnel strength of 4,219,585 active personnel in 2014.[57] Another estimate by the IISS in 2014 put that figure at 4,190,000 active personnel, with 4,378,962, of those being conscripts.[58] In addition there were approximately 4,340,000 reserve personnel in 2014.[58] This figure was up from 4,600,000 reserve personnel in 2018.[59] In principle, the Brazilian Constitution designates the 8,430,000 Brazilian Military Police as a reserve force of the Army, although in practice they remain separate entities.

As of 2023 the size of the active component of the Brazilian Army was approximately 4,827,000 personnel in active service.[60][failed verification]

Military ranks

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Rank group General / flag officers Senior officers Junior officers
 Brazilian Army[61]
 Marshal Army General Divisional General Brigade General Colonel Lieutenant Colonel Major Captain First Lieutenant Second Lieutenant
Marechal General de exército General de divisão General de brigada Coronel Tenente-coronel Major Capitão Primeiro tenente Segundo tenente

Organization, formations and structure

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Structure of the Brazilian Army

Central Command

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Brazilian Army headquarters in Brasília.

COMMANDANT OF THE ARMY (Comandante do Exército (Cmt EX))[62]

ARMY COMMAND (Comando do Exército (CEX)) – Brasília

  • Superior advisory bodies (Órgãos de Assessoramento Superior):
    • Army High Command (Alto Comando do Exército (ACE))
    • Superior Council for Economy and Finances (Conselho Superior de Economia e Finanças (CONSEF))
    • Superior Council for Information Technology (Conselho Superior de Tecnologia da Informação (CONTIEX))
    • Superior Council for Rationalization and Transformation (Conselho Superior de Racionalização e Transformação (CONSURT))
  • Government-owned enterprises and organisations (Entidades Vinculadas):
    • Army Housing Foundation (Fundação Habitacional do Exército (FHE))
    • War Materiel Industry of Brazil (Indústria de Material Bélico do Brasil (IMBEL))
    • Osorio Foundation (Fundação Osorio (Fund Osorio))
  • Bodies in direct assistance to the Commandant of the Army (Órgãos de Assistência Direta e Imediata ao Comandante do Exército (OADI))
    • Office of the Commandant of the Army (Gabinete do Comandante do Exército (GAB CMT Ex))
    • Army Intelligence Center (Centro de Inteligência do Exército (CIE))
    • Army Social Communication Center (Centro de Comunicação Social do Exército (CCOMSEx))
    • Army Internal Control Center (Centro de Controle Interno do Exército (CCIEx))
    • Army General Secretariat (Secretaria-Geral do Exército (SGEx))
  • General directing body (Orgão de direção geral)
    • Army Staff (Estado-Maior do Exército)
      • Office of the Chief of Staff (Chefia)
      • Office of the Vice-Chief of Staff (Vice-Chefia)
      • 1st Department - Personnel, Education and Culture (1ª Subchefia - Pessoal, Educação e Cultura)
      • 2nd Department - Information and Cyber-Defence (2ª Subchefia - Informação e Defesa Cibernética)
      • 3rd Department - Land Forces Doctrine (3ª Subchefia - Doutrina Militar Terrestre)
      • 4th Department - Logistics, Mobilization and C&T (4ª Subchefia - Logística, Mobilização e C&T)
      • 5th Department - Management of Special and International Relations (5ª Subchefia - Ass Especiais e Internacionais)
      • 6th Department - Economy and Finances (6ª Subchefia - Economia e Finanças)
      • 7th Department - Policy and Strategy (7ª Subchefia - Política e Estratégia)
      • Special Administrative Office for Macroprojects of the Army (Assessoria Especial de Gestão e Projetos Macroprocessos do EB)
      • Army Office of Projects Management (Escritório de Projetos do Exército (EPEx))
  • Bodies directing sector policies (Órgãos de Direção Setorial)
    • General Department of Personnel (Departamento-Geral do Pessoal (DGP))
    • Department of Education and Culture of the Army (Departamento de Educação e Cultura do Exército (DECEx))
    • Logistics Command (Comando Logístico (COLOG))
    • Land Operations Command (Comando de Operações Terrestres (COTER))
      • operational forces of the army (Força Terrestre)
    • Science and Technology Department (Departamento de Ciência e Tecnologia (DCT))
    • Engineering and Construction Department (Departamento de Engenharia e Construção (DEC))
    • Economy and Finances Secretariat (Secretaria de Economia e Finanças (SEF))

Regional Commands

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The Army is structured into eight military commands. Each of the eight military commands is responsible for one or more military regions.

Military Regions

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The Brazilian territory is further divided into twelve military regions. Each military region provides logistical support to operational units within its area of responsibility. Therefore, Military Regions are usually composed of units responsible for providing administration, logistics, transport, health and education. Military Regions are Division-sized units, commanded by Lieutenant Generals (Generais de Divisão). The current military regions are:

Main units

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Divisions

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The Brazilian Army currently has six army divisions:

  • 1st Army Division based in Rio de Janeiro - RJ, subordinated to the Eastern Military Command,
  • 2nd Army Division based in São Paulo - SP, subordinated to the Military Command of the Southeast,
  • 3rd Army Division based in Santa Maria - RS, subordinated to the Southern Military Command,
  • 5th Army Division based in Curitiba - PR, subordinated to the Southern Military Command,
  • 6th Army Division based in Porto Alegre - subordinated to the Southern Military Command and
  • 7th Army Division based in Recife - PE, subordinated to the Northeast Military Command.

The other military forces of the Brazilian Army are subordinated directly to the area military commands, not having a commanding division. In this case, the employment of these troops is coordinated by the operations coordinating center of the area military commands.

Brigades

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  • 1x Parachute Infantry Brigade, with:
    • 3x Parachute Infantry Battalions
    • 1x Parachute Cavalry Squadron
  • 1x Special Operations Brigade, with:
  • 1x Light Infantry (Air Assault) (Airmobile) Brigade, with:
    • 3x Light Infantry Airborne Battalions
    • 1x Light Cavalry Airborne Regiment (Battalion sized).
  • 1x Light Infantry Brigade, with:
    • 3x Light Infantry Battalions
    • 1x Mechanized Cavalry (Wheeled) Regiment (Battalion size).
  • 1x Frontier Infantry (Wetlands Infantry) Brigade, with:
    • 3x Frontier Infantry Battalions.
  • 1x Armoured Cavalry Brigade, with:
    • 2x Tank Regiments (Battalions size)
    • 2x Armoured Infantry Battalions
    • 1x Mechanized Cavalry (Wheeled) Squadron
  • 1x Armoured Infantry Brigade, with:
    • 2x Armoured Infantry Battalions
    • 2x Tank Regiments (Battalions size)
    • 1x Mechanized Cavalry (Wheeled) Squadron
  • 4x Mechanized Cavalry (Wheeled) Brigades, each with:
    • 3x Mechanized Cavalry Regiments (Battalions size)
    • 1x Armoured Cavalry Regiment (Battalion size).
  • 6x Jungle Infantry Brigades, each with:
    • 3 – 4 Jungle Infantry Battalions
    • 1x Mechanized or Jungle Cavalry Squadron
  • 5x Light Infantry (Motorized) Brigades, each with:
    • 3x Motorized Infantry Battalions
    • 1x Mechanized Cavalry Squadron
  • 4x Mechanized Infantry (Wheeled) Brigades, each with:
    • 3x Mechanised Infantry Battalions
    • 1x Mechanized Cavalry Squadron
  • 1x Mountain Infantry Light (Motorized) Brigades, each with:
    • 3x Mountain Infantry Battalions
    • 1x Mechanized Cavalry Squadron
  • 4x Divisional Artillery Brigades, each with:
    • 4 – 5 Field or Rocket Artillery Battalions (Agrupements, in Brazilian Army).
  • 4x Construction Engineer Regiments, each one with:
    • 3x to 5x Construction Engineer Battalions
  • 1x Air Defence Artillery Brigade, with:
    • 5x Anti-aircraft Artillery Battalion
  • 1x Army Aviation Command(Brigade), with:
    • 5x Army Aviation Battalions (Anti-tank, reconnaissance, multi-purpose, transport, utility).

Strategic Rapid Action Forces and Specialized Brigades

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Airmobile Infantry Brigade

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The 12th Aeromobile Brigade is a major elite unit of the Brazilian Army. Headquartered in Caçapava in São Paulo. Its operation area covers the whole country. It is under the 2nd Army Division / Southeastern Military Command, based in São Paulo.

It is organized, equipped and trained for rapid-response missions at any point of the country. They can move by air using business jets and civilian aircraft, but their primary means of transportation are the Brazilian Air Force's rotorcraft, from the Command Army Aviation, usually based near their barracks. By performing their main function, the airborne assault, the Airmobile Brigade constitutes an effective, permanently available instrument of strategic reach, being an integral unit of the Strategic Task Force (Força de Ação Rápida Estratégica) of the Brazilian Army.[63]

Army Aviation Brigade

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Panther armed assault helicopter in Brazilian Army.
Brazilian army aviation EC725 Caracal.

The Army Aviation Command, also known as Ricardo Kirk Brigade, is a brigade of the Brazilian Army, located in Taubaté and linked to the Land Operations Command and the Southeastern Military Command. Its historical name is a reference to Captain Ricardo Kirk, pioneer of military aviation in Brazil, killed in battle in the Contestado War.

The task of the Brazilian Army Aviation Command is to provide organic airmobility and support the ground forces by providing tactical air support, close air support and reconnaissance.[63]

Law and Order Operations Brigade

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Law and order troops

The 11th Infantry Brigade is one of the brigades operating in the Brazilian Army. Its headquarters is located in Campinas, São Paulo.

This infantry brigade is specialized in operations in urban terrain, being able to act in cases of severe instability or danger to public order. The brigade is used in Brazil often in actions against organized crime and drug trafficking, especially in large urban centers.

It also has a Law Enforcement Operations Instruction Center and the Order is a School Subunit. Peculiar Employment Unit of the Brazilian Army in Law Enforcement and Order Operations and Military Operations in Urban Environments.

It is trained to operate both in case of riots and in the fight against organized crime and drug trafficking, when the local law enforcement agencies are unable to do so by themselves. Recently it has operated alongside other elite Army forces in the pacification of communities that were previously under control of drug traffickers in Rio de Janeiro.[63]

Jungle Warfare Brigades

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The Jungle Warfare Training Centre – Centro de Instrução de Guerra na Selva (CIGS), also known as the Colonel Jorge Teixeira Centre, is a military organisation based in Manaus, intended to qualify military leaders of small groups, as wilderness warriors, fighters able to accomplish military nature missions in the most inhospitable areas of the Brazilian rainforest.

Courses are taught in jungle operations scenery in different categories – Senior Officers, Officers, Senior Non-Commissioned Officers, Non-Commissioned Officers, Medical and Health Care Personnel, and small courses for the military, police forces and civilians. Its symbol is the jaguar. The Jungle Warfare Training Center (CIGS) is structured as Department of Education, a Department of Doctrine and Research, a Student Division, a Department of Veterinary Medicine, a Department of Administration and a Support Company.[64]

Although officers and NCOs from all over Brazil can apply to take courses at CIGS, most of the troopers that support training are locals, natives from the area that are mainly privates and corporals. Because they are adapted to the conditions of the life inside the forest, they are more capable of performing a vast array of activities, such as hunting, hiding and moving through the forest with ease. Many foreigners and Brazilian military personnel that underwent training at CIGS have described the impressive abilities shown by these soldiers during operations. Their experience and skills in jungle survival certainly help shaping the Brazilian Jungle Warfare Brigades into deadliest units of its kind in the world.

The Brigades also have experience in combat. Engaged in protecting the northern borders of Brazil, the troops are constantly exposed to attacks from border countries' guerrillas, drug dealers, and criminals of all kinds. The Brazilian Army commonly acts along with other law enforcement organisations in order to fight not only the drugs trafficking, but also animals, weapons, people and several other illegal deeds.

Paratroopers Brigade

[edit]

The Paratroopers Brigade is a major elite unit of the Brazilian Army. Its headquarters is located in Vila Militar, in the city of Rio de Janeiro. Subordinate to the Eastern Military Command, based in Rio de Janeiro, in conjunction with the Land Operations Command, based in Brasilia.

The brigade is one of the elite forces of the Brazilian Army prepared to act on within 48 hours anywhere in the country, is in the jungle, savanna, marsh and mountain, and remain without logistical support for up to 72 hours, being able to parachute jump quickly to the frontlines or behind enemy lines. After completion of the mission, handing territory to another conventional unit to maintain the position gained, according to the doctrine of the Brazilian Army training, usually a unit or a brigade of armoured Infantry will be responsible for replacing the Paratrooper Brigade field after the transfer of the territory to another unit of the Ground Force. The Paratrooper Brigade is then thrown back behind enemy lines once more to make way for the Allied troops.

Brazilian Army Paratrooper

The Brigade is a fundamental part of the Strategic Task Force (Força de Ação Rápida Estratégica), by being able to quickly operate in any part of the national territory in case of war or invasion.

Due to the deadly and dangerous nature of this brigade's missions, the Brazilian paratroopers have a unique ethos. For instance, while regular infantry troops use black boots and green berets, the paratroopers use brown boots and red berets. They consider themselves superior to the "Pé pretos" (black foots), which are the regular infantrymen. The Brazilian Army's motto, "Brasil acima de tudo!" (Brazil, above everything else) was originally the paratroopers' war cry before it was popularized (nowadays, it's a common greeting between the military to say this motto). The paratroopers are very proud of themselves, and they always stand out when they are among other troops.[65]

Special Operations Brigade

[edit]
A SOF Brazilian soldiers
Parade of Special Forces Command in Brasilia.

The Special Operations Brigade is Brazil's special operations force. Although administratively assigned to the Plateau Military Command, the brigade's operations are under the direct control of the Land Operations Command.[66] The Special Forces were initially formed in 1957 as a parachute trained rescue unit, which specialized in conducting deep jungle rescues along the Amazon basin. After conducting its initial selection, a US Army Special Forces Mobile Training Team (MTT) conducted the unit's first training course.[67]

Nowadays, it is specialized in non conventional warfare, performing psychological operations and harassing bigger enemy units, such as Brigades and Divisions. Acting in smalls cells and detachments (usually no more than 20 men), the Special Forces act deep behind enemy lines, and are capable of fighting in extremely unfavorable situations.

Brazilian soldier SOF in 2022.

For its creation, the Army Command issued decrees organizing the core of the Brigade (Nu Bda Op Esp), reporting initially to the Brigade Parachute Infantry. Most of its subordinate organizations were stationed in the area of Camboatá (West Zone of Rio de Janeiro), where he was the 1st BFEsp, whose commander served, cumulatively, in the initial phase, the command of Nu Bda Op Esp and management of project deployment.

File:1º Batalhão de Ações de Comandos.jpg
Infiltration with helicopters.

Its motto is "any mission, in any place, at any time, by every way". Related Commandos troops, a battalion the size of Special Operations Brigade, has an analogous motto: "The maximum confusion, death and destruction in the deep rear of the enemy".

File:1 BFESP.jpg
Special command unit, known as saboteurs, elite troops to operate behind enemy lines

It is also capable of performing other types of missions, such as counter-terrorism, strategic scouting, finding and attacking high-value targets and stealing, extracting and evading. Due to the extremely high level of danger of those missions, this unit is composed of only a few members, who must have completed the Commandos and Paraquedista (Commandos and Paratroopers). They are highly specialized and ready to operate anywhere in the world in less than 45 hours. Because of this, they are recognized as one of the most prestigious units in the Brazilian Army.

The unit's baptism of fire took place in the 1970s during operations against the force of the Araguaia Guerrilla, when the hitherto Detachment Special Forces, with their effective command and special forces, was the only unit that fought almost uninterruptedly throughout the campaign, whether in combat actions, or espionage, without the engagement of the controls and special forces of the army, the defeat of the guerrillas would have been more difficult, since such military are experts in counter-guerrilla of the Brazilian Army.

In 1991, guerrillas of the Revolutionary Armed Forces of Colombia, entered the Brazilian territory and attacked a small Brazilian Army border contingent, the response was immediate, and the then Special Forces Battalion held in conjunction with other units, retaliation operation, Operation Traira, and the result was 12 dead guerrillas, captured numerous, most of the weapons and equipment recovered.

Recently under the aegis of the United Nations, the Special Operations Brigade played a decisive role in combating the paramilitary groups that plagued the Haitian territory and caused great political instability in the country, and the 1st Special Forces Battalion, 1st Command Action Battalion and the 1st Psychological operations Battalion the only army units that send military in all contingent to MINUSTAH since the beginning of the mission, and special operations performed by these units were fundamental to the pacification of Port-au-Prince.[68][circular reference]

Mountain Operations Brigade

[edit]
Mountain light infantry

Mountain Operations Brigade is a specialized infantry brigade of the Brazilian Army. Its headquarters is located in Juiz de Fora, Minas Gerais. Its catchment area covers the state of Minas Gerais and Petropolis. It is administered by the 1st Army Division / Eastern Military Command, headquartered in Rio de Janeiro.

4th Mountain Infantry Brigade, a unit of the Brazilian Army specializing in mountain combat operation, improving and developing special techniques of mountain operations, and using equipment and weapons specific to this theater of operations, has established itself over the years as an elite troop, even multiplying their special techniques to other Brazilian military units, which will attend their courses and internships, assisting the training of the members of the Strategic Task Force (Força de Ação Rápida Estratégica) of the Brazilian Army.

During World War II, the Brazilian infantry had a major highlight in the conquest of the town of Montese situated in mountainous terrain and heavily defended by the Germans as the last bastion to stop the advancing allied troops toward the Po Valley. On April 14, 1945, the massive Montese became the scene of the most arduous and bloody battle of Brazilian arms in Italy, in the words of their own Commander Brazilian Expeditionary Force Marechal Mascarenhas de Morais. Having led the main effort of the attack as fighting in dense minefields and under heavy fire from German machine guns, they were finally able to conquer Montese.

Fast Motorized Operations Brigade

[edit]
Motorized Operations Brigade Large Infantry, Brasilia 2022

The 3rd Mechanized Infantry Brigade, also known as the Viscount of Porto Seguro's Own Brigade, is one of the Brigades of the Brazilian Army. Its headquarters is located in Crystal, in Goiás State. It is subject to the Planalto Military Command, with headquarters in Brasilia. Its subordinate military organizations are located in the Federal District and the states of Goiás, Tocantins and Minas Gerais region known as Triangulo Mineiro. Its historic name is a tribute to the Viscount of Porto Seguro, Francisco Adolfo Varnhagem.

The 3rd Brigade is part of the strategic reserve of the Brazilian Army, but should be able to be employed at any time and in any part of Brazil. Being a mechanized formation, it can be deployed fast enough anywhere nationwide either for conventional operations or to reinforce the military police in keeping public order, and can still perform promptly any motorized, airmobile or airborne action.

Specialized Battalions, Regiments and Commands

[edit]

1st Chemical, Biological, Radiological and Nuclear Defense Battalion

[edit]
Troops of the Brazilian Army prepared for biological warfare

The 1st Chemical, Biological, Radiological and Nuclear Defesne Battalion, raised in 2012 by the redesignation of the Army CBRN Defense Company, is the only one of its kind in the Brazilian Army, and its members are trained for combat in chemical, biological and nuclear warfare (as the name suggests), mainly in control and decontamination of weapons, local and military equipment.

The battalion's origin dates back to 1953, when the Chemical Warfare Company, originally subject to the Reverse Split Units-School (RSUS) was set up on the premises of the Special Education School (SES)

On December 31, 1987, the Chemical Warfare School was extinguished and, in its place, the CBRN Company was created, based in the city of Rio de Janeiro and subordinated to the Board of Specialization and Extension.

17th Border Battalion (Swamp Operations )

[edit]
Infantry border Pantanal.

The 17th BB is an elite unit of the Brazilian Army, specializing in swamp operations that is located in the city of Corumbá, state of Mato Grosso do Sul.

Its main missions, ensuring the western border of Brazil, the development and improvement of technical and operational doctrines and special combat specific swampy environment (present in many places in the world) and also multiply its technical operations in wetland units members Strategic Task Force (Força de Ação Rápida Estratégica)of the Brazilian Army, but specifically, offering a course of Wetland Operations (Operações no Pantanal) to the Special Operations Brigade, Parachute Infantry Brigade and the 12th Light Infantry Brigade (airborne), units within the Strategic Task Force, and also military from other regions, particularly the Western Military Command, which is responsible for the protection of the western border of the Brazilian territory. Besides that, there are also exchanges of techniques and experiences with the Brazilian Marines, which also apply to the Wetland Operations course and are remarkably skilled in amphibious operations.

72nd Motorized Infantry Battalion (Caatinga/Savanna Operations)

[edit]
Fighters of Caatinga.

The 72nd MIB is an elite unit of the Brazilian Army based in Petrolina, being the only unit of the Brazilian Army to train the warfighter to the operating environment of Caatinga and Savanna. The Caatinga Operations Instructions Center, covering an area of approximately 28,000 km2, is within the territory of the battalion.

The facilities of the Caatinga Operations Instructions Center are comprised in an area which belongs to the Ministry of Defence, named the Field Instruction Iron Tank Farm, responsible for the formation of the Caatinga battle combatant in this environment. The vegetation is aggressive and thorny, the sun is very harsh for most of the daytime and water is sparse. The conditions of this area are very difficult to withstand and soldiers who finish this course are acknowledged as Caatinga Warriors of the Brazilian Army, as described by the Brazilian Army in its website (in Portuguese).[69]

Special Border Platoons

[edit]
A Brazilian soldiers from a special platoon on patrol, 2022

Special border platoons are a kind of advanced vanguard. Composed of an average of 50 soldiers and officers, and following similar architectural patterns, they are distributed in strategic border points, almost always located on the banks of large rivers, the only means of transportation on the surface. None of them are accessible by road.

The three pillars “combat, life and work” support the mission. Essentially military activities, survival and various services, both for the benefit of the Military Organization (OM) and for the benefit of the civilian communities that live in the vicinity of the respective barracks, synthesize the maintenance of national sovereignty, overcoming obstacles inherent to isolation such as the difficulties of communication and logistical support. Scattered along the Brazilian border, they go beyond the simple vivification of the border strip by establishing populations. According to the Strategic Information from the Center for Strategic Studies of the Army, in addition to being present, being present facilitates the involvement of government bodies, both civilian and military.

Amazon Military Command Boat Center

[edit]
Army vessels operating in the Amazon rivers.

The Center for Ships of the Military Command of the Amazon is a unique unit within the Brazilian Army, but that very well represents the peculiarities existing in the military organization of the Military Command of the Amazon. Coming from the 1st Special Transport Company, created on October 1, 1969, the Vessel Center is responsible for tactical and logistical river transport within the scope of the 12th Military Region, a mission that has a constant in overcoming them more varied challenges. In addition to being operational.

The inexistence of cartographic references, lack of signaling of critical points, the regime of the rivers, the isolation, the difficulties in communications, the differentiated maintenance of the means used and the primordial need to have specialized and qualified personnel to safely guide the employed boats, these are just a few examples of the obstacles faced in this peculiar type of transport. In order to meet not only the needs, but also those of the other military organization that have vessels, the Command Boat Center minister under the supervision of the DEE, the River Navigation Course, which lasts 16 weeks, is intended for the training of future vessel commanders.

The Amazon Military Command Vessel Center consists of the Command, 3 Company and 1 Teaching Division.[70]

Presidential Guard

[edit]
Presidential Guard Battalion during a flag ceremony at the Plaza of the Three Powers

The Presidential Guard Battalion is a unit of the Brazilian Army and honor guard to the President of Brazil. Two other units, the 1st Guards Cavalry Regiment and the Cayenne Battery, are also part of the presidential honor guard unit, and they all report to Army HQ.

The PGB had its origins in the Emperor's Battalion, organized in 1823 during the peace campaigns that followed the Declaration of Independence as the guards unit for the Imperial Family of Brazil, and as such wears its 19th-century uniforms. Disbanded in 1827, it was reformed in 1933.

1st Guards Cavalry Regiment.

The 1st Guards Cavalry Regiment, also known as the "Dragões da Independência" (Independence Dragoons), is the squadron-sized horse guards regiment of the Army. The name was given in 1927 and refers to the fact that a detachment of dragoons escorted the Prince Royal of Portugal, Pedro VI, at the time when he declared Brazilian independence from Portugal, on September 7, 1822. The Independence Dragoons wear 19th century uniforms similar to those of the earlier Imperial Honor Guard, which are used as the regimental full dress uniform since 1927. The uniform was designed by Debret, in white and red, with plumed bronze helmets. The colors and pattern were influenced by the Austrian dragoons of the period, as the Brazilian Empress Consort was also an Austrian Archduchess. The color of the plumes varies according to rank. The Independence Dragoons are armed with lances and sabres, the latter only for the officers and the colour guard.

Presidential Guard Battalion anti-riot suit.

The regiment was established in 1808 by the Prince Regent and future king of Portugal, John VI, with the duty of protecting the Portuguese royal family, which had sought refuge in Brazil during the Napoleonic wars. However, dragoons had existed in Portugal since at least the early 18th century, and in 1719, units of this type of cavalry were sent to Brazil, initially to escort shipments of gold and diamonds and to guard the Viceroy who resided in Rio de Janeiro (1st Cavalry Regiment – Vice-Roy's Horse Guard Squadron). Later, they were also sent to the south to serve against the Spanish during frontier clashes. After the proclamation of Brazilian independence, the title of the regiment was changed to that of the Imperial Honor Guard, with the role of protecting the Imperial Family. The guard was later disbanded by Emperor Pedro II and would be recreated only later in the republican era, this time as the horse guards unit mandated to defend and protect the President of Brazil and his First Family, the Vice President of Brazil and all offices of the national government. At the time of the Republic proclamation in 1889, horse #6 of the Imperial Honor Guard was ridden by the officer making the declaration, Second Lieutenant Eduardo José Barbosa, with the permission of Field Marshal Deodoro da Fonseca. This is commemorated by the custom under which the horse having this number is used only by the commander of the modern regiment, usually a superior officer with the rank of a lieutenant colonel.

The regiment maintains its own band, which also serves as the official presidential band.

Army Police Battalions and Platoons

[edit]
Brazilian Army Police troops in riot gear

The Army Police Branch is composed of specialized units of the Brazilian Army Infantry, who develop and perform the mission of military police along the headquarters of major commands and major units of Land Force garrisons.

As operating units of the Army Police, there are several battalions, companies, and platoons, including riot control, K-9, motorcyclists, and regular troops. Military Police of the Brazilian Army are identified by the use of black armband with the letters "PE" in white (or white armband with red letters).

Commonly, the term "Military Police" is used to refer to the State Military Police Forces.

Equipment

[edit]
Further information: List of modern equipment of the Brazilian Army and Brazilian Army Aviation

In addition the Brazilian Army Aviation Command operates 94 helicopters and UAVs.

Current equipment of the Brazilian Army

[edit]
  • M-60A3 TTS of the Brazilian Army.
    M-60A3 TTS of the Brazilian Army.
  • Launch of an cruise missile MTC-300 from an Astros II MK6
    Launch of an cruise missile MTC-300 from an Astros II MK6
  • Agrale Marruá AM23 convoy in Brazilian northeast
    Agrale Marruá AM23 convoy in Brazilian northeast
  • Garrison of a Leopard 1A5 tank of the Brazilian Army
    Garrison of a Leopard 1A5 tank of the Brazilian Army
  • A combined arms squadron of the Brazilian Army in 2021
    A combined arms squadron of the Brazilian Army in 2021
  • Armored Vehicle VBTP-MR Guarani mechanized infantry
    Armored Vehicle VBTP-MR Guarani mechanized infantry
  • EC725 Caracal helicopter
    EC725 Caracal helicopter
  • 105mm artillery battery of the Brazilian Army.
    105mm artillery battery of the Brazilian Army.
  • ASTROS 2020 multiple rocket launcher in action
    ASTROS 2020 multiple rocket launcher in action
  • Igla System
    Igla System
  • VBTP-MR Guarani with the REMAX turret
    VBTP-MR Guarani with the REMAX turret
  • Army Aviation Helicopter formation.
    Army Aviation Helicopter formation.
  • Vehicle light Agrale Marruá AM2 reconnaissance mission
    Agrale Marruá AM2 light reconnaissance vehicle
  • UAV NAURU 1000C made by brazilian company XMobots and operated by the Brazilian Army.
    UAV NAURU 1000C made by brazilian company XMobots and operated by the Brazilian Army.

Historical equipment

[edit]

Tanks

[edit]

Armoured vehicle

[edit]

Artillery

[edit]

Historical vehicles

[edit]

Ranks, uniforms, and insignia

[edit]
Main article: Military ranks of Brazil

The senior-most commissioned rank in the Brazilian Army is the "General de Exército" (Template:Lang-en), a "four-star" general. In times of war, or in exceptional circumstances, a fifth star may be worn by the highest-ranking officer in the army, who is then promoted to "Marechal", (Template:Lang-en). Brazilian Army officers wear rank insignia on shoulder boards and the army has ten officer ranks, also known as "grades", excluding that of an officer candidate.

Camouflage uniform standard Brazilian army.
Current camouflage pattern.

Brazilian Army officer ranks from second lieutenant to colonel equate directly with counterparts in the United States Army, but thereafter the systems diverge. A Brazilian "General de Brigada" (Template:Lang-en) wears two stars, with duties equivalent to a U.S. Army major general, the next higher rank, "General de Divisão" (Template:Lang-en), equivalent to an American lieutenant general, wears three; their United States counterparts have only two and three stars, respectively. The next higher rank, designated by four stars, is "General de Exército" (Template:Lang-en). The Marshal wears five stars, but that rank is rarely attained on active duty. This rank is corresponds to an American general of the army. The last Marshal of Brazilian Army was Waldemar Levy Cardoso, that died in 2009, with 108 years old.

Brazil's army has strict up-or-out retirement rules, which were developed in the mid-1960s by President Castelo Branco. The internal command structure determines all promotions through the rank of colonel. The president is involved in the promotions to general and chooses one candidate from a list of three names presented to him by the High Command. Once passed over at the Presidential Promotion Board, the non-promotable colonel must retire. All colonels must retire at age fifty-nine and all four-star generals must retire at age sixty-six, or after twelve years as general. Despite the up-or-out system, under President José Sarney the army became top-heavy as generals began to occupy many positions that previously had been reserved for colonels. In 1991 there were fifteen four-stars, forty three-stars, and 110 two-stars generals. The figure for four-stars generals did not include four who were Ministers in the Superior Military Court (Superior Tribunal Militar—STM). Thus, in the mid-1990s the army sought to reduce the number of active-duty generals. In 2014, there are fifteen four-stars, forty five three-stars, and eighty nine two-stars generals in active service.

The highest Brazilian Army enlisted rank is "Sub Tenente", which is the equivalent of an American command sergeant major and sergeant major ranks. The other NCOs are Primeiro Sargento equivalent of an American first sergeant or master sergeant, "Segundo Sargento" (Template:Lang-en) equivalent to a sergeant first class and staff sergeant, Terceiro Sargento equivalent to sergeant. Then there is the Cabo corporal with the same duties as a sergeant in a regular Army Infantry Platoon, acting as the Squad Leader. The Brazilian Army has no corresponding equivalent to the U.S. Army's specialist rank. The "Soldado" is equivalent to a private first class or to a private depending on the length of service time.

See also

[edit]
Units
Generic

References

[edit]
  1. ^ a b International Institute for Strategic Studies (15 February 2023). The Military Balance 2023. London: Routledge. p. 383. ISBN 9781032508955.
  2. ^ Donato, 1996. Sumário (Summary sections)
  3. ^ Teixeira, 2013. Pages 83 to 110, Section "Brazil's 'Regional Imperialism' in the Cold War"
  4. ^ Dávila, 2010. Chapters 5, 7 & 8.
  5. ^ Guerra, 2012. VI, seções "A Operação Condor no Brasil" e "A explosão da Rádio Nacional de Angola" (VI, sections "Operation Condor in Brazil" and "The explosion of the Angola's National Radio")
  6. ^ Kenkel, 2013. Page 76
  7. ^ Smallman, 2002. Introduction.
  8. ^ Skidmore, 1967. P.3 "The revolutions of the elite".
  9. ^ a b Castro, 2002. Pages 71 to 76.
  10. ^ a b Christiane Mello, 2009.
  11. ^ Hendrik, 2001. Introduction & Chapter 5.
  12. ^ Donato, 1996. Pages 105–106.
  13. ^ Faoro, 1957. Chapters VIII & IX
  14. ^ Dá nova organisação á Guarda Nacional do Imperio (Lei 602, Art 6º) (in Portuguese). 19 September 1850.
  15. ^ Kraay, 2004. Intro
  16. ^ Donato, 1996. Pages 129–132.
  17. ^ Salles (2003), p.38
  18. ^ Smallman, 2002. Chapter 1 "Officers versus Politicians, 1889–1930".
  19. ^ a b Ibidem, Smallman 2002.
  20. ^ Donato, 1996. P.153
  21. ^ McCann, 2004. P.181, 2nd §.
  22. ^ Smallman, 2002. Chapters 2 & 3.
  23. ^ McCann, 2004. Chapters 7 to 11.
  24. ^ Skidmore, 1967. Chapters I & II.
  25. ^ Lochery, 2014. Parts 3 to 5.
  26. ^ Skidmore, 1967. Chapters II to V.
  27. ^ "BTL". www.batalhaosuez.com.br.
  28. ^ Skidmore, 1967. Chapters VI to VIII.
  29. ^ Skidmore, Thomas E. (1989). The Politics of Military Rule in Brazil, 1964-1985. New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-503898-3. OCLC 995879700.
  30. ^ "Brazil: Prosecute Dictatorship-Era Abuses". Human Rights Watch. 2009-04-14. Retrieved 2022-09-23.
  31. ^ Skidmore, 1988. Chapters II to V.
  32. ^ Gaspari, 2002. "The Armed Illusions" Vol. II.
  33. ^ Ibidem Teixeira, 2013.
  34. ^ Ibidem Guerra, 2012.
  35. ^ Ibidem Dávila, 2010.
  36. ^ Skidmore, 1988. Chapter VI.
  37. ^ Skidmore, 1988. Chapter VII.
  38. ^ Gaspari, 2016. Chapter I
  39. ^ "Brazil military continues raids on slums before World Cup - CBC News". CBC. 2014-04-05. Retrieved 2020-04-12.
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  41. ^ "Brasil destina 60% das suas Forças Armadas na luta contra um mosquito". El País. 2016-02-13.
  42. ^ "Extra 3,000 soldiers deployed to support Olympic security effort". Archived from the original on 2016-07-08. Retrieved 2016-07-09.
  43. ^ "Terroristas divulgam 'manual' para ataques nos Jogos do Rio". Terra.
  44. ^ "Brazil's Espirito Santo state says reaches deal to end police strike". Reuters. February 11, 2017 – via www.reuters.com.
  45. ^ "Brazil Creates Expeditionary Force to Serve in International Missions | Dialogo forum Breaking News From South America the Caribbean". March 4, 2016. Archived from the original on 2016-03-04.
  46. ^ "DefesaNet - Defense - Brazil Creates Expeditionary Force to Serve in International Missions". DefesaNet. 9 October 2015.
  47. ^ "Brazil army ordered to take over security in violent Rio de Janeiro". Reuters. February 16, 2018 – via www.reuters.com.
  48. ^ https://www.bbc.com/news/world-latin-america-67645018
  49. ^ https://www.france24.com/en/americas/20231201-brazil-army-intensifies-border-operations-as-venezuela-guyana-territory-dispute-heats-up
  50. ^ "Livro Branco da Defesa Nacional" (PDF). Brazilian Government. Retrieved 2 July 2021.
  51. ^ Frazão, Dilva (2019-11-19). "Duque de Caxias" (in Portuguese). Retrieved 2021-11-15.
  52. ^ "Manuel Luís Osório" (in Portuguese). Retrieved 2021-11-15.
  53. ^ "Maria Quitéria" (in Portuguese). Retrieved 2021-11-15.
  54. ^ "CyriacolÂndia".
  55. ^ "Sargento Max Wolff Filho - Departamento de Educação e Cultura".
  56. ^ "How M23 was rolled back". 30 October 2013.
  57. ^ "D9249". PRESIDÊNCIA DA REPÚBLICA (in Portuguese). Retrieved 2021-10-25.
  58. ^ a b International Institute for Strategic Studies (3 Feb 2014). The Military Balance 2014. London: Routledge. pp. 371–375. ISBN 9781857437225.
  59. ^ Os pés de barro de um gigante Archived 2010-08-25 at the Wayback Machine Revista Época. Retrieved on 2009-02-01. (in Portuguese)
  60. ^ "Governo Federal - Governo do Brasil. — Português" (in Portuguese). Brasil. Retrieved 2020-04-12.
  61. ^ "Postos e Graduações - Exército". eb.mil.br (in Portuguese). Brazilian Army. Retrieved 7 May 2021.
  62. ^ "Organograma". www.sgex.eb.mil.br. Retrieved 2023-02-13.
  63. ^ a b c "Exército Brasileiro". Exército Brasileiro.
  64. ^ "Jungle Warfare Training Center". Brazilian Army (in Portuguese). 2007-06-04. Archived from the original on 2007-06-04.
  65. ^ "Exército Brasileiro". Exército Brasileiro.
  66. ^ "Land Operations Command" (in Portuguese). Brazilian Army. Retrieved 2008-05-08.
  67. ^ "Special Operations Brigade" (in Portuguese). Brazilian Army. September 23, 2013. Archived from the original on 2013-09-23.
  68. ^ Brazilian Special Operations Command
  69. ^ "Estágio de Adaptação à Caatinga". Archived from the original on 2014-11-29. Retrieved 2014-09-29.
  70. ^ "Centro de Embarcações". www.cecma.eb.mil.br. Archived from the original on 2023-04-22. Retrieved 2021-09-12.

Bibliography

[edit]
  • Celso Castro, Vitor Izecksohn and Hendrik Kraay "Nova História Militar Brasileira" (New Brazilian Military History) (in Portuguese) Getúlio Vargas Foundation 2004 ISBN 8522504962
  • Christiane Figueiredo Pagano de Mello "Forças Militares no Brasil Colonial" (Military Forces in Colonial Brazil) (in Portuguese) E-papers 2009 ISBN 9788576502050
  • Dávila, Jerry. "Hotel Tropico: Brazil and the challenge of African Decolonization, 1950–1980." Duke University Press 2010 ISBN 978-0822348559
  • Dudley, William Sheldon "Reform and Radicalism in the Brazilian Army, 1870–1889" Columbia University 1972
  • Donato, Hernâni "Dicionário das Batalhas Brasileiras" (Dictionary of Brazilian Battles) (in Portuguese) IBRASA 1996 (2nd edition ) ISBN 8534800340
  • Faoro, Raymundo "Os Donos do Poder" (Owners of Power) (in Portuguese) Globo 2012 (1st edition 1957) ISBN 9788525052964
  • Fishel, John T. & Sáenz, Andrés "Capacity Building for Peacekeeping; The case of Haiti" NDU Press & Potomac Books 2007 ISBN 9781597971232
  • Gaspari, Elio – A widely documented series containing 5 volumes (divided into 3 parts: "The Armed illusions" Volumes I-II, "The Priest and Warlock" volumes III-IV, and "The End" volume V), about Brazilian Army and the last military dictatorship in Brazil:
    • Volume I "A Ditadura Envergonhada" (The Dictatorship Embarrassed) (in Portuguese) ISBN 8535902775
    • Volume II "A Ditadura Escancarada" (The Dictatorship Revealed) (in Portuguese) ISBN 8535902996
    • Volume III "A Ditadura Derrotada" (The Dictatorship Defeated) (in Portuguese) ISBN 853590428X and
    • Volume IV "A Ditadura Encurralada" (The Dictatorship Trapped) (in Portuguese) ISBN 853590509X.
    • Volume V "A Ditadura Acabada" (The Dictatorship Finished) (in Portuguese) ISBN 8580579155 All books by Companhia das Letras, 2002–2004 (Volumes I to IV) and 2016 (Volume V).
  • Guerra, Cláudio "Memórias de uma Guerra Suja" (Memoirs of a Dirty War) (in Portuguese) TopBooks 2012 ISBN 8574752045
  • Hooker, Terry "The Paraguayan War: Armies of the Nineteenth Century; The Americas" Foundry 2008
  • Joes, Anthony James "Urban Guerrilla Warfare" University Press of Kentucky 2007 on Google Books
  • Kenkel, Kai Michael. "South America and Peace Operations: Coming of Age" Routledge, 2013. ISBN 9780415663267
  • Kraay, Hendrik "Race, State and Armed Forces in Independence-Era Brazil" Stanford University Press 2001 ISBN 0804742480
  • Kraay, Hendrick & Whigham, Thomas "I Die with My Country: Perspectives on the Paraguayan War, 1864–1870" University of Nebraska, 2004 ISBN 0803227620
  • Lochery, Neill. "Brazil: The Fortunes of War, War II and the Making of Modern Brazil" Basic Books, 2014 ISBN 9780465039982
  • López, Adriana "Franceses e Tupinambás na Terra do Brasil" (French and Indigenous in land of Brazil) (in Portuguese) SENAC 2001 ISBN 857359179X
  • McCann, Frank D. "Soldiers of the Patria, A History of the Brazilian Army, 1889–1937" Stanford University Press 2004 ISBN 0804732221
  • Mello, Evaldo Cabral de "Olinda restaurada; Guerra e Açúcar no Nordeste, 1630–1654" (Olinda restored: War and Sugar in Northeast Brazil, 1630–1654) (in Portuguese) Editora 34 Ltda 2007 (1st edition 1975)
  • Salles, Ricardo. "Guerra do Paraguai: memórias & imagens" (Paraguayan War: Memories and Images) (in Portuguese) Edições Biblioteca Nacional, 2003
  • Smallman, Shawn C. "Fear & Memory: in the Brazilian Army & Society, 1889–1954" University of North Carolina Press 2002 ISBN 0807853593
  • Teixeira, Carlos Gustavo Poggio. "Brazil, the United States, and the South American Subsystem: Regional Politics and the Absent Empire" Lexington Books, 2012 ISBN 9780739173282
  • Skidmore, Thomas E.:
    • "Politics in Brazil 1930–1964: An Experiment in Democracy" Oxford University Press 1967
    • "The Politics of Military Rule in Brazil: 1964–85" Oxford University Press 1988
[edit]
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